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Latest Additions
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I've contributed several short profiles to the ACM
Turing Award Winners website, which ACM
has been greatly expanding, under the editorship of Mike Williams, in preparation for a celebration held in connection
with the Turing centenary. My articles on
Charles W.
Bachman and
William Kahan have been published, while a promised third piece on Nicklaus
Wirth is being delivered shamefully late but should be following soon.
(May-4-2012)
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"Did V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai Invent Email? A Computer Historian
Responds" My contribution to the recent mini-flurry of media
attention given to what Gizmodo memorably called "The Crazy Story of the Man Who
Pretended to Invent Email" (Gizmodo story
here). My own article is a little more measured, focused on the claims
themselves and outlining enough of the actual history of email, some of which
had not been properly researched before, to establish their lack of merit. It
was commissioned by the Washington Post, as part of a series cancelled for
reasons that remain largely mysterious.
So instead read it on the SIGCIS
website. (At least my initial message on the topic did reach a broader
audience, after it was picked up by
Techdirt and
Gizmodo).(Apr-12-2012)
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"The IBM PC: From Beige Box to Industry Standard,"
Communications of the ACM 55:1 (Jan 2012):35-37. This contribution
for the "Historical Reflections" column gives a concise and jargon free
summary of my thoughts on the evolution of the IBM PC as a kind of platform
and standard unique in the history of computing, and perhaps in the history
of technology more broadly. I've presented work on this topic previously,
but not yet published a longer version.
(online at ACM)
(online locally) (Jan-19-2011)
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"Charles W.
Bachman: Data Base Software Pioneer," IEEE Annals of
the History of Computing 33:4 (October-December 2011):70-80.
A biography of Charles W. Bachman, inventor of the data base management
system, had originally been planned for the 2009 special issue of IEEE
Annals on early data base systems. Space constraints prevented this, but the
biography has now been completed and published.
(online
locally)
(online IEEE CS) (Nov-5-2011)
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Harvard University Press has
published Histories of Computing, a collection of key papers
on the historiography of computing, software, and computer science by the
late Princeton professor Michael Mahoney.
As editor I had responsibility for selecting Mahoney's most important
papers, grouping them together, and making edits to minimize duplication
between papers while preserving the full range of his insights. My most
important contribution, however, was writing the historiographic
introduction "Unexpected Connections, Powerful
Precedents, and Big Questions: The Work of Michael S. Mahoney on the History
of Computing." At the request of HUP I've now taken down a preprint of
this chapter, but the book is available
for purchased at Amazon or to read in
a growing number of libraries. (5-Aug-2011)
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Here's a late draft of my chapter
"Technology's Other Storytellers: Science Fiction as History of Technology"
to appear in a forthcoming volume on science fiction and computers (Science
Fiction and Computing: Essays on Interlinked Domains ed. David L. Ferro and
Eric G. Swedin). It's a
labor of love, dealing with some issues I've thought about a lot over the
past few decades (and taught a course about)
but have never tried to write about before. These is some relevance to
history of computing, but it's primarily aimed at persuading historians of
technology to take science fiction more seriously.
(Draft online here).
(14-Dec-2009) Update: the book is now available for
purchase at Amazon. (28-Jul-2011)
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Together with Bernardo
Bátiz-Lazo I've written an account of early
computer use in the Mexican civil engineering giant ICA. We tried to get at
some interesting connections between corporate structure, national political
systems, business models, emerging occupational identities, and computing
practice. The paper "Engineering
Change: The Appropriation of Computer Technology at Grupo ICA in Mexico
(1965-1971)" will appear in IEEE Annals of the History of Computing,
but an online preprint of a late draft is
already available online
locally. (26-Jan-2011)
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"John
R. Rice: Mathematical Software Pioneer," IEEE Annals of the History of
Computing 32:4 (October-December 2010), 72-80. This completes
a "trilogy" based on oral history interviews and other research on
mathematical software I conducted for the Society for Industrial and Applied
Mathematics back in 2003-5 under a Department of Energy grant. The other
subjects were Cleve Moler and
Jack Dongarra.
(online locally)
(online at IEEE CS)
(online at Project Muse)
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In the scholarly literature on the history of
software, no idea looms larger than the "software crisis" of the late 1960s
and no event has been more discussed than the NATO Conference on Software
Engineering held in 1968. Yet I've always been surprised by how little they
feature in the primary literature for most computing communities in the
1960s and 1970s. My involvement in the Software for Europe Project has
stimulated research to investigate this, leading to some exciting
discoveries regarding the actual content of the 1968 conference and its
relationship to the Algol 68 story being studied by other project
participants. My most recent draft on this topic, "Dijkstra's Crisis: The
End of Algol and the Beginning of Software Engineering:1968-1972" has been precirculated for discussed at the September meeting of project participants
in Leiden and is intended for inclusion in the project's edited volume.
(Read the latest version
online here). A longer and earlier version, "Crisis What Crisis?
Reconsidering the Software Crisis of the 1960s and the Origins of Software
Engineering" was presented at the Inventing Europe meeting in Sofia in June.
The earlier version lacks some important findings about Algol, and is
generally less polished and reliable, but does include additional material
on the historiography of the software crisis and the origins of the "crisis"
and spread of the crisis removed from "Dijkstra's Crisis" for space reasons
(earlier version online
here). (21-Aug-2010)
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My paper "Computing the American Way:
Contextualizing the US Computer Industry of the 1950s and 1960s" has now
been published in IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 32:2
(April-June 2010):8-20. It grows directly out of my work as an "associate
partner" on the ESF Software for Europe project, and was first presented at
the
"Appropriating America, Making Europe" Inventing Europe Eurocores European
Science Foundation workshop in Amsterdam.
(online at IEEE CS)
(online locally)
(30-June-2010)
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"The History of Information Technology," Annual Review of Information Science and Technology 45
(2011): 431-487. Since 1966 the ARIST has been one of the
premier publication venues in information science, home to long review
essays exploring the literature and key ideas in broad areas of research. I
got there just in time, as the 2011 volume is to be the last and there are
not many other outlets that could provide the luxury of more than 26,000
words to survey the whole literature. Read a
preprint
version online. (12-May-2010)
Best of the Older Stuff
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A half hour interview I did with the local
NPR station is available online for your
listening pleasure. "The Evolution of Computers," UWM Today, May 8
2008.
Online here.
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One of my papers, “Inventing Information Systems: The Systems Men and the Computer,
1950-1968” Business History Review 75
(Spring 2001): 15-61 is the first real look at the role of the "systems
men" -- experts in administrative techniques -- as staff managerial
specialists within the
American corporations of the 1950s and 1960s. It examines the emergence of the
modern concepts of information and information systems as political tools
within this history of corporate management, focusing particularly on the
designation of the computer as a tool for management information. The full
text is accessible from my writing page.
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My paper "The Chromium-Plated Tabulator: Institutionalizing an
Electronic Revolution, 1954-1958", IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 23
(October-December 2001): 75-104 tells the story of the first four years of
administrative computing in the USA. It is the first in-depth, overall study
of how early administrative computers were brought and sold, what they were
used for, and the new kinds of jobs that emerged around them. It reveals the
extent to which the use of computers was shaped by the earlier technologies of
punched card machines, and draws attention to the importance of the data
processing department as a new corporate institution. This is also accessible
from my writing page.
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“Software in the 1960s as Concept, Service, and
Product",
IEEE Annals
of the History of Computing 24:1 (January-March 2002). (Click
here for the
issue contents page). Chosen as the leading article for a special issue on the
early history of packaged application software, this article surveys the
origins and early ambiguities of the term "software", the origins of packaged
application programs and their relationship to the concerns of data processing
managers. Here it is as published
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"Remembering the Office of the Future: Word Processing
and Office Automation before the Personal Computer," IEEE Annals
of the History of Computing 28:4 (October-December 2006):6-31. This
article explores the technical, business, and social history of word
processing during the 1960s and 1970s. It is part of a special issue on the
history of word processing, representing the first sustained historical
examination of this important technology. Read it online.
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I wrote two chapters for the 2008 MIT Press book
"The Internet and American Business" edited by William Aspray and Paul
Ceruzzi. The first one, "Protocols for Profit: Web and
Email Technologies as Product and Infrastructure" tells the business and
technological history of development of Internet web browsing and
email/messaging systems. I focus particularly on the ways in which the
design features built into pre-commercial Internet technologies during the
1980s influenced directions taken by the commercial Internet of the 1990s.
Read a preprint version here.
The second, "The Web's Missing Links: The Search Engine & Portal
Industry" does a similar job for the development of the web navigation
industry. Read a preprint
version here
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"How Data Got Its Base: Information
Storage Software in the 1950s and 1960s" builds on my earlier paper on the topic to
expand coverage of collaborative projects in the area particularly the
generalized file maintenance and reporting systems of the 1950s.
(Online here)
(10-Dec-2009)
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